This paper analyzes public opinion in the European Union (EU) before and after the 2015 refugee and migrant crisis. The central question is how changing attitudes toward migration in this period are linked to collective European identity. Analysis of cross-national survey data indicates that while levels of national and supranational identification remain fairly stable, there have been important shifts in the external delimitation of the community. In recent years, EU citizens have developed an increasingly less favorable view of non-EU migrants but more positive perceptions of internal migrants. Although EU citizens are increasingly mobile, preference for common rules on migration has not increased. This paper examines this puzzle and argues that we might be witnessing the emergence of a new kind of identification substantially different from traditional civic loyalty.
